how to draw an injured person simple

Emergency kickoff response medical treatment

The universal first aid symbol

A U.s. Navy corpsman gives first aid to an injured Iraqi citizen.

First aid is the offset and immediate assist given to whatever person suffering from either a small or serious illness or injury,^[1] with intendance provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery. Information technology includes initial intervention in a serious condition prior to professional person medical help being available, such as performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) while waiting for an ambulance, besides as the consummate treatment of minor conditions, such as applying a plaster to a cut. First aid is generally performed by someone with basic medical training. Mental health first aid is an extension of the concept of kickoff aid to cover mental wellness,^[ii] while psychological start aid is used as early treatment of people who are at risk for developing PTSD.^[iii] Disharmonize First Aid, focused on preservation and recovery of an private's social or human relationship well-beingness, is being piloted in Canada.

In that location are many situations that may crave first assist, and many countries take legislation, regulation, or guidance, which specifies a minimum level of first help provision in sure circumstances. This tin include specific training or equipment to exist available in the workplace (such every bit an automated external defibrillator), the provision of specialist first assist cover at public gatherings, or mandatory kickoff assist training within schools. Start assistance, even so, does non necessarily require whatever detail equipment or prior knowledge, and tin involve improvisation with materials available at the time, often past untrained people.^[4]

Early history and warfare [edit]

Skills of what is now known as first aid have been recorded throughout history, specially in relation to warfare, where the care of both traumatic and medical cases is required in particularly large numbers. The bandaging of battle wounds is shown on Classical Greek pottery from c. 500 BC, whilst the parable of the Proficient Samaritan includes references to binding or dressing wounds.^[5] There are numerous references to kickoff aid performed inside the Roman army, with a organisation of starting time aid supported by surgeons, field ambulances, and hospitals.^{[half dozen]} Roman legions had the specific role of capsarii, who were responsible for starting time aid such as bandaging, and are the forerunners of the modern combat medic.^[7]

Further examples occur through history, still generally related to battle, with examples such as the Knights Hospitaller in the 11th century Advertizing, providing intendance to pilgrims and knights in the Holy Land.^[8]

Formalization of life saving treatments [edit]

During the late 18th century, drowning as a cause of death was a major concern amongst the population. In 1767, a society for the preservation of life from accidents in water was started in Amsterdam, and in 1773, physician William Hawes began publicizing the power of artificial respiration as means of resuscitation of those who appeared drowned. This led to the formation, in 1774, of the Society for the Recovery of Persons Apparently Drowned, later the Royal Humane Order, who did much to promote resuscitation.^{[nine] [10]}

Napoleon'southward surgeon, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, is credited with creating an ambulance corps, the ambulance volantes, which included medical administration, tasked to administer first aid in battle.^[eleven]

In 1859, Swiss businessman Jean-Henri Dunant witnessed the backwash of the Battle of Solferino, and his work led to the formation of the Red Cross, with a key stated aim of "aid to ill and wounded soldiers in the field".^[viii] The Red Cross and Blood-red Crescent are still the largest provider of first assistance worldwide.^[12]

In 1870, Prussian war machine surgeon Friedrich von Esmarch introduced formalized first aid to the military, and first coined the term "erste hilfe" (translating to 'first assist'), including grooming for soldiers in the Franco-Prussian War on care for wounded comrades using pre-learnt bandaging and splinting skills, and making use of the Esmarch bandage which he designed.^[5] The bandage was issued equally standard to the Prussian combatants, and also included aide-memoire pictures showing common uses.

In 1872, the Society of Saint John of Jerusalem in England inverse its focus from hospice care, and set out to outset a arrangement of practical medical help, starting with making a grant towards the establishment of the Uk's first ambulance service. This was followed by creating its ain wheeled transport litter in 1875 (the St John Ambulance), and in 1877 established the St John Ambulance Association (the forerunner of modern-day St John Ambulance) "to railroad train men and women for the do good of the sick and wounded".^[13]

Besides in the Uk, Surgeon-Major Peter Shepherd had seen the advantages of von Esmarch's new teaching of commencement aid, and introduced an equivalent programme for the British Army, and so being the first user of "starting time assist for the injured" in English, disseminating information through a series of lectures. Following this, in 1878, Shepherd and Colonel Francis Duncan took advantage of the newly charitable focus of St John,^[v] and established the concept of teaching first aid skills to civilians. The get-go classes were conducted in the hall of the Presbyterian schoolhouse in Woolwich (nigh Woolwich barracks where Shepherd was based) using a comprehensive commencement aid curriculum.

First aid training began to spread through the British Empire through organisations such as St John, frequently starting, as in the UK, with high risk activities such as ports and railways.^[xiv]

Aims [edit]

The principal goal of beginning aid is to foreclose death or serious injury from worsening. The primal aims of kickoff assistance tin can be summarized with the acronym of 'the three Ps':^[15]

• Preserve life: The overriding aim of all medical care which includes commencement assist, is to save lives and minimize the threat of death. Kickoff aid washed correctly should help reduce the patient'due south level of hurting and calm them down during the evaluation and treatment process.
• Forestall further damage: Prevention of further harm includes addressing both external factors, such equally moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the status, such equally applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous.
• Promote recovery: First aid also involves trying to showtime the recovery process from the disease or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a handling, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a pocket-size wound.

It is of import to annotation that first assistance is not medical treatment and cannot be compared with what a trained medical professional provides. First aid involves making common sense decisions in the best interest of an injured person.

Setting the priorities [edit]

Protocols such equally ATLS, BATLS, Prophylactic-POINT are based on the principle of defining the priorities and the procedure where the correct execution of the individual steps achieves the required objective of saving man life. Basic points of these protocols include:

• Catastrophic haemorrhage (massive external bleeding)
• Airway (immigration airways)
• Breathing (ensuring respiration)
• Circulation (internal bleeding)
• Disability (neurological condition)
• Surroundings (overall test, surround)

A major benefit of these protocols is that they require minimum resources, time and skills with a great degree of success in saving lives under atmospheric condition unfavourable for applying start aid.

ABCDE method^[sixteen] [edit]

• Airway (clearing airways): If the patient responds in a normal voice, then the airway is patent. Airway obstruction can be partial or complete. Signs of a partially obstructed airway include a changed vocalisation, noisy animate (eg, stridor), and an increased breathing effort. With a completely obstructed airway, there is no respiration despite great attempt (ie, paradox respiration, or "see-saw" sign). A reduced level of consciousness is a common cause of airway obstruction, partial or complete. A mutual sign of partial airway obstruction in the unconscious state is snoring. Untreated airway obstacle can rapidly lead to cardiac arrest. All health intendance professionals, regardless of the setting, can appraise the airway every bit described and use a head-tilt and chin-elevator maneuver to open the airway. With the proper equipment, suction of the airways to remove obstructions, for example, blood or vomit, is recommended. If possible, foreign bodies causing airway obstruction should be removed. In the event of a complete airway obstruction, treatment should be given according to current guidelines.nine In brief, to witting patients requite five dorsum blows alternating with five abdominal thrusts until the obstruction is relieved. If the victim becomes unconscious, call for help and start cardiopulmonary resuscitation co-ordinate to guidelines.

Importantly, loftier-menstruation oxygen should be provided to all critically ill persons as soon as possible.

• Breathing (ensuring respiration): In all settings, it is possible to determine the respiratory rate, inspect movements of the thoracic wall for symmetry and use of auxiliary respiratory muscles, and percuss the chest for unilateral dullness or resonance. Cyanosis, distended cervix veins, and lateralization of the trachea can be identified. If a stethoscope is bachelor, lung auscultation should be performed and, if possible, a pulse oximeter should be practical. Tension pneumothorax must be relieved immediately by inserting a cannula where the second intercostal space crosses the midclavicular line (needle thoracocentesis). Bronchospasm should be treated with inhalations. If animate is insufficient, assisted ventilation must be performed by giving rescue breaths with or without a barrier device. Trained personnel should utilise a purse mask if available
• Circulation (internal haemorrhage): The capillary refill time and pulse rate can be assessed in any setting. Inspection of the skin gives clues to circulatory problems. Color changes, sweating, and a decreased level of consciousness are signs of decreased perfusion. If a stethoscope is bachelor, heart auscultation should be performed. Electrocardiography monitoring and claret pressure measurements should too be performed as presently equally possible. Hypotension is an of import adverse clinical sign. The effects of hypovolemia can be alleviated by placing the patient in the supine position and elevating the patient's legs. An intravenous access should be obtained equally shortly as possible and saline should exist infused.
• Disability (neurological condition): The level of consciousness can be chop-chop assessed using the AVPU method, where the patient is graded as alarm (A), voice responsive (V), pain responsive (P), or unresponsive (U). Alternatively, the Glasgow Coma Score can exist used.xvi Limb movements should be inspected to evaluate potential signs of lateralization. The best immediate handling for patients with a primary cerebral status is stabilization of the airway, breathing, and circulation. In detail, when the patient is only pain responsive or unresponsive, airway patency must be ensured, by placing the patient in the recovery position, and summoning personnel qualified to secure the airway. Ultimately, intubation may exist required. Pupillary low-cal reflexes should exist evaluated and blood glucose measured. A decreased level of consciousness due to low blood glucose can be corrected speedily with oral or infused glucose.
• Surroundings (overall examination, environment): Signs of trauma, bleeding, skin reactions (rashes), needle marks, etc, must be observed. Begetting the dignity of the patient in listen, clothing should be removed to allow a thorough physical test to be performed. Trunk temperature can exist estimated by feeling the skin or using a thermometer when available.

Cardinal skills [edit]

In case of tongue fallen backwards, blocking the airway, information technology is necessary to hyperextend the head and pull upward the chin, and then that the natural language lifts and clears the airway.

Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of get-go aid and are taught ubiquitously. Especially the "ABC"s of first aid, which focus on disquisitional life-saving intervention, must be rendered earlier treatment of less serious injuries. ABC stands for Airway, Animate, and Apportionment.^[17] The same mnemonic is used past emergency wellness professionals. Attending must start be brought to the airway to ensure it is articulate. Obstruction (choking) is a life-threatening emergency. Following evaluation of the airway, a first aid attendant would decide adequacy of breathing and provide rescue animate if necessary.

Assessment of apportionment is now not usually carried out for patients who are not animate, with offset aiders at present trained to go straight to chest compressions (and thus providing artificial circulation) but pulse checks may be done on less serious patients.

Some organizations add a fourth step of "D" for Deadly bleeding or Defibrillation, while others consider this as part of the Circulation step but referred equally Disability. Variations on techniques to evaluate and maintain the ABCs depend on the skill level of the first aider. Once the ABCs are secured, first aiders can begin additional treatments or test, as required if they possess the proper training (such as measuring pupil dilation).^[xviii] Some organizations teach the same order of priority using the "3Bs": Breathing, Bleeding, and Bones (or "4Bs": Animate, Haemorrhage, Burns, and Bones). While the ABCs and 3Bs are taught to exist performed sequentially, certain weather may crave the consideration of two steps simultaneously. This includes the provision of both artificial respiration and chest compressions to someone who is not animate and has no pulse, and the consideration of cervical spine injuries when ensuring an open airway.

Skills applicable to the wider context are reflected in the mnemonic AMEGA, which refers to the tasks of "assess", "make rubber", "emergency aid", "get help" and "aftermath". The aftermath tasks include recording and reporting, continued intendance of patients and the welfare of responders and the replacement of used first aid kit elements.^[19]

Preserving life [edit]

The patient must accept an open airway—that is, an unobstructed passage that allows air to travel from the open mouth or uncongested nose, down through the pharynx and into the lungs. Conscious people maintain their own airway automatically, but those who are unconscious (with a GCS of less than 8) may be unable to do and so, as the role of the brain that manages spontaneous breathing may not be functioning.

Whether conscious or non, the patient may be placed in the recovery position, laying on their side. In addition to relaxing the patient, this can have the effect of clearing the tongue from the pharynx. It as well avoids a mutual cause of expiry in unconscious patients, which is choking on regurgitated breadbasket contents.

The airway can also become blocked by a foreign object. To dislodge the object and foreclose choking, the first aider may use techniques such as 'dorsum slaps' and 'abdominal thrusts'.

Once the airway has been opened, the outset aider would reassess the patient'southward breathing. If there is no breathing, or the patient is not breathing normally (e.k. agonal breathing), the get-go aider would initiate CPR, which attempts to restart the patient's breathing by forcing air into the lungs. They may also manually massage the heart to promote blood flow effectually the torso.

If the choking person is an infant, the procedure is to deliver v potent blows on the infant'south upper back after placing the baby'due south face up in the aider's forearm. If the babe is able to coughing or weep, no animate assistance should be given. Coughing and crying indicate the airway is open and the foreign object will probable to come out from the strength the cough or crying produces.^[20]

A commencement responder should know how to use an Automatic External Defibrillator (AED) in the instance of a person having a sudden cardiac arrest. The survival charge per unit of those who endure a cardiac arrest outside of the hospital is depression. Permanent brain damage sets in afterward five minutes of no oxygen delivery, so rapid action on the part of the rescuer is necessary. An AED is a device that tin examine a heartbeat and produce electric shocks to restart the heart.^[21]

A first aider should be prepared to rapidly deal with less severe problems such as cuts, grazes or bone fracture. They may be able to completely resolve a situation if they accept the proper training and equipment. For situations that are more astringent, complex or dangerous, a first aider might need to practice the best they can with the equipment they have, and wait for an ambulance to arrive at the scene.

Preparation Principles [edit]

First aid scenario preparation in progress

Basic principles, such as knowing the use of agglutinative bandage or applying direct pressure on a bleed, are ofttimes acquired passively through life experiences. Nevertheless, to provide effective, life-saving outset aid interventions requires education and practical grooming. This is peculiarly true where information technology relates to potentially fatal illnesses and injuries, such as those that require CPR; these procedures may be invasive, and carry a take a chance of further injury to the patient and the provider. Every bit with any training, it is more useful if information technology occurs before an bodily emergency, and in many countries, emergency ambulance dispatchers may give basic first aid instructions over the phone while the ambulance is on the way.

Training is generally provided by attending a course, typically leading to certification. Due to regular changes in procedures and protocols, based on updated clinical knowledge, and to maintain skill, attendance at regular refresher courses or re-certification is ofttimes necessary. First aid training is ofttimes available through community organizations such as the Red Cross and St. John Ambulance, or through commercial providers, who will train people for a fee. This commercial training is most common for training of employees to perform first help in their workplace. Many customs organizations too provide a commercial service, which complements their customs programmes.

ane.Inferior level certificate Basic Life Back up

2.Senior level certificate

iii.Special certificate

Types of get-go help which require training [edit]

In that location are several types of first aid (and kickoff aider) that require specific boosted grooming. These are usually undertaken to fulfill the demands of the work or activity undertaken.

• Aquatic/Marine commencement aid is usually proficient by professionals such as lifeguards, professional mariners or in diver rescue, and covers the specific problems which may be faced after water-based rescue or delayed MedEvac.
• Battlefield showtime help takes into business relationship the specific needs of treating wounded combatants and non-combatants during armed conflict.
• Conflict First Aid focuses on support for stability and recovery of personal, social, grouping or system well-being and to address circumstantial safety needs.

Shown here is an instance of a style for people to practise CPR in a safe and reliable way.

• Hyperbaric starting time assist may be practiced by underwater diving professionals, who need to care for conditions such equally decompression sickness.

• Oxygen first aid is the providing of oxygen to casualties who suffer from weather condition resulting in hypoxia. It is also a standard starting time aid procedure for underwater diving incidents where gas bubble germination in the tissues is possible.
• Wilderness first aid is the provision of first help under conditions where the arrival of emergency responders or the evacuation of an injured person may be delayed due to constraints of terrain, weather condition, and bachelor persons or equipment. It may be necessary to care for an injured person for several hours or days.
• Mental health get-go aid is taught independently of physical first aid. How to support someone experiencing a mental health trouble or in a crisis situation. Besides how to identify the first signs of someone developing mental ill health and guide people towards appropriate help.

Starting time aid services [edit]

First aider of the British Red Cross accompanies parade of morris dancers at the Knutsford Royal May Mean solar day, Knutsford, Cheshire, England, 2022

Some people undertake specific preparation in order to provide showtime assist at public or private events, during filming, or other places where people get together. They may exist designated as a showtime aider, or use some other title. This role may exist undertaken on a voluntary basis, with organisations such as the Carmine Cross society and St John Ambulance,^[22] or as paid employment with a medical contractor.

People performing a start help role, whether in a professional person or voluntary capacity, are often expected to have a loftier level of showtime aid training and are oft uniformed.

Symbols [edit]

Although commonly associated with showtime aid, the symbol of a cherry-red cross is an official protective symbol of the Cherry-red Cross. Co-ordinate to the Geneva Conventions and other international laws, the utilize of this and similar symbols is reserved for official agencies of the International Red Cantankerous and Red Crescent, and as a protective emblem for medical personnel and facilities in gainsay situations. Use by any other person or organization is illegal, and may lead to prosecution.

The internationally accepted symbol for first help is the white cantankerous on a dark-green background shown below.

Some organizations may make utilize of the Star of Life, although this is usually reserved for utilize by ambulance services, or may use symbols such as the Maltese Cross, like the Order of Malta Ambulance Corps and St John Ambulance. Other symbols may likewise exist used.

• 

• 

• 

  Emblem of the Red Cross

• 

  Keepsake of the Cherry Crescent

• 

• 

• 

Concrete weather that often require first aid [edit]

• Altitude sickness, which can brainstorm in susceptible people at altitudes as low equally 5,000 feet, tin cause potentially fatal swelling of the brain or lungs.^[23]
• Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition in which the airway can go constricted and the patient may go into daze. The reaction can be caused by a systemic allergic reaction to allergens such as insect bites or peanuts. Anaphylaxis is initially treated with injection of epinephrine.
• Battlefield first aid—This protocol refers to treating shrapnel, gunshot wounds, burns and bone fractures as seen either in the traditional battleground setting or in an surface area subject to damage past large-scale weaponry, such equally a bomb blast.
• Bone fracture, a break in a bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture with a splint.
• Burns, which can result in damage to tissues and loss of torso fluids through the burn down site.
• Cardiac Arrest, which will lead to death unless CPR preferably combined with an AED is started inside minutes. There is often no time to await for the emergency services to arrive as 92 percent of people suffering a sudden cardiac abort die before reaching hospital co-ordinate to the American Centre Association.
• Choking, blockage of the airway which tin quickly result in death due to lack of oxygen if the patient's trachea is non cleared, for case by the Heimlich Maneuver.
• Childbirth.
• Cramps in muscles due to lactic acid build upward caused either by inadequate oxygenation of muscle or lack of h2o or salt.
• Diving disorders, drowning or asphyxiation.^[24]
• Gender-specific weather, such as dysmenorrhea and testicular torsion.
• Heart attack, or inadequate blood catamenia to the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.
• Heat stroke, also known as sunstroke or hyperthermia, which tends to occur during heavy exercise in loftier humidity, or with inadequate water, though it may occur spontaneously in some chronically ill persons. Sunstroke, especially when the victim has been unconscious, oft causes major impairment to body systems such every bit brain, kidney, liver, gastric tract. Unconsciousness for more than two hours normally leads to permanent inability. Emergency treatment involves rapid cooling of the patient.
• Hair tourniquet a condition where a hair or other thread becomes tied effectually a toe or finger tightly enough to cut off claret flow.
• Oestrus syncope, another stage in the aforementioned process as oestrus stroke, occurs under similar weather condition equally rut stroke and is not distinguished from the latter by some authorities.
• Heavy bleeding, treated by applying pressure (manually and after with a pressure bandage) to the wound site and elevating the limb if possible.
• Hyperglycemia (diabetic coma) and Hypoglycemia (insulin shock).
• Hypothermia, or Exposure, occurs when a person'south cadre body temperature falls beneath 33.7 °C (92.vi °F). Showtime aid for a mildly hypothermic patient includes rewarming, which can be accomplished by wrapping the affected person in a coating, and providing warm drinks, such as soup, and high energy food, such as chocolate.^[25] Nevertheless, rewarming a severely hypothermic person could result in a fatal arrhythmia, an irregular middle rhythm.^[26]
• Insect and animal bites and stings.
• Joint dislocation.
• Poisoning, which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion.
• Seizures, or a malfunction in the electrical activity in the brain. Three types of seizures include a m mal (which normally features convulsions too as temporary respiratory abnormalities, modify in skin complexion, etc.) and petit mal (which usually features twitching, rapid blinking, or fidgeting also equally altered consciousness and temporary respiratory abnormalities).
• Musculus strains and Sprains, a temporary dislocation of a joint that immediately reduces automatically but may result in ligament damage.
• Stroke, a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain.
• Shock and electric shock - electrical injury
• Toothache, which tin can issue in severe hurting and loss of the tooth but is rarely life-threatening, unless over time the infection spreads into the os of the jaw and starts osteomyelitis.
• Wounds and bleeding, including lacerations, incisions and abrasions,
• Gastrointestinal haemorrhage, avulsions and Sucking chest wounds, treated with an occlusive dressing to let air out simply not in.

Many accidents can happen in homes, offices, schools and laboratories which require immediate attention before the patient is attended by the doctor.

Kickoff aid kits [edit]

A first assistance kit consists of a strong, durable handbag or transparent plastic box. They are commonly identified with a white cantankerous on a light-green background. A get-go aid kit does not have to exist bought set-made. The advantage of ready-made first aid kits are that they have well organized compartments and familiar layouts.

Contents [edit]

There is no universal agreement upon the listing for the contents of a first aid kit. The U.k. Health and Safe Executive stress that the contents of workplace first assistance kits will vary according to the nature of the work activities.^[27] As an example of possible contents of a kit, British Standard BS 8599 Outset Help Kits for the Workplace ^[28] lists the following items:

• Information leaflet
• Medium sterile dressings
• Large sterile dressings
• Bandages
• Triangular dressings
• Safety pins
• Agglutinative dressings
• Sterile wet wipes
• Microporous record
• Nitrile gloves
• Face up shield
• Foil blanket
• Burn dressings
• Clothing shears
• Conforming bandages
• Finger dressing
• Antiseptic cream
• Pair of scissors
• Tweezers
• Cotton

References [edit]

1. ^ First aid manual: 9th edition. Dorling Kindersley. 2009. ISBN978-1-4053-3537-9.
2. ^ "Mental Health Commencement Assistance United states of america". Mental Health Kickoff Assist. October 10, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
3. ^ Peterson, Sarah (January xxx, 2022). "About PFA". The National Kid Traumatic Stress Network . Retrieved November twenty, 2022.
4. ^ "Duct tape for the win! Using household items for first aid needs". CPR Seattle. Archived from the original on Nov four, 2022.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Pearn, John (1994). "The primeval days of first aid". The British Medical Journal. 309 (6970): 1718–1720. doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6970.1718. PMC2542683. PMID 7820000.
6. ^ Eastman, A Brent (1992). "Blood in Our Streets: The Status and Evolution of Trauma Care Systems". JAMA Surgery. 127 (6): 677–681. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1992.01420060043008. PMID 1596168.
7. ^ Efstathis, Vlas (Nov 1999). "A history of first assistance and its role in war machine" (PDF). ADF Health. Archived (PDF) from the original on November thirty, 2022.
8. ^ ^{a b} "Commencement Aid: From Witchdoctors & Religious Knights to Modernistic Doctors". Archived from the original on Jan 18, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
9. ^ New Scientist, Vol. 193 No. 2586 (13–19 Jan 2007), p. 50
10. ^ Price, John (2014). Everyday Heroism: Victorian Constructions of the Heroic Civilian. Bloomsbury: London. p. 203. ISBN978-ane-4411066-5-0.
11. ^ Baker, David; Cazalaà, Jean-Bernard; Carli, Pierre (September 2005). "Resuscitation not bad. Larrey and Percy--a tale of 2 barons". Resuscitation. 66 (3): 259–262. doi:x.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.03.009. ISSN 0300-9572. PMID 15990216.
12. ^ "Effect first aid and ambulance support". British Scarlet Cross. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022.
13. ^ Fletcher NC, The St John Ambulance Association: its history and its by in the ambulance movement. London: St John Ambulance Clan, 1929:12–3.
14. ^ Industrial Revolution: St. John Ambulance Archived 2007-02-xx at the Wayback Machine, retrieved Dec 10, 2006.
15. ^ "Accidents and offset aid". Archived from the original on May three, 2008. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
16. ^ Thim, Troels; Krarup, Niels Henrik Vinther; Grove, Erik Lerkevang; Rohde, Claus Valter; Løfgren, Bo (January 31, 2022). "Initial assessment and treatment with the Airway, Animate, Apportionment, Disability, Exposure (ABCDE) approach". International Periodical of General Medicine. v: 117–121. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S28478. ISSN 1178-7074. PMC3273374. PMID 22319249.
17. ^ Eisenburger, Philip; Safar, Peter (1999). "Life supporting kickoff assistance training of the public—review and recommendations". Resuscitation. 41 (1): 3–18. doi:x.1016/S0300-9572(99)00034-9. PMID 10459587.
18. ^ "Guidelines and Guidance: The ABCDE arroyo". Resuscitation Quango (U.k.). Archived from the original on August 12, 2005. Retrieved May two, 2022.
19. ^ Furst, J., What does AMEGA stand for in first aid?, updated 12 July 2022, accessed 24 January 2022
20. ^ "Choking- infant under 1 year".
21. ^ Nessel, Edward H. (2012). "Treating Sudden Cardiac Arrest and the Use of Automatic External Defibrillators in the Customs Setting". AAMA Journal. 25: 9.
22. ^ "Role of a First Aider - First Aid - St John Ambulance". www.sja.org.uk . Retrieved Nov xx, 2022.
23. ^ Cymerman, A; Rock, Atomic number 82. "Medical Problems in High Mount Environments. A Handbook for Medical Officers". USARIEM-TN94-2. US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report. Archived from the original on Apr 23, 2009. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
24. ^ Longphre, John M.; Petar J. DeNoble; Richard Eastward. Moon; Richard D. Vann; John J. Freiberger (2007). "First aid normobaric oxygen for the treatment of recreational diving injuries". Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine. 34 (i): 43–49. ISSN 1066-2936. OCLC 26915585. PMID 17393938. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
25. ^ "Everyday First Aid – Hypothermia". British Red Cross. Archived from the original on Nov 29, 2022.
26. ^ Sterba, JA (1990). "Field Management of Adventitious Hypothermia during Diving". US Navy Experimental Diving Unit of measurement Technical Report. NEDU-one-90. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
27. ^ First assistance at work: The Wellness and Safety (Get-go-Aid) Regulations 1981. Guidance on Regulations L74
28. ^ BS 8599-1:2011 BSI 2022

External links [edit]

Look upwards first aid in Wiktionary, the free lexicon.

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Outset Aid

• First Aid Guide at the Mayo Dispensary
• First aid from the British Red Cross – including commencement help tips and first aid training information
• Showtime aid from St John Ambulance – first aid data and advice

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid

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